As an expectant mother, you're likely to have many questions and concerns about your health and the health of your baby. At Advanced Respiratory Care Network (ARC Network), we're committed to providing you with the information you need to make informed decisions about your care. Let’s address common questions and concerns about sleep apnea and pregnancy, including its relationship with preeclampsia.
What Is Sleep Apnea?
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of stopped breathing during sleep. There are three main types of sleep apnea:
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): The most common type, caused by a blockage of the airway, usually due to relaxation of the throat muscles.
- Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): Caused by the brain's failure to send signals to breathe.
- Mixed Sleep Apnea: A combination of OSA and CSA.
How Common Is Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy?
Sleep apnea is more common in pregnant women than you might think. Studies suggest that:
- The prevalence of OSA in pregnant women ranges between 3.6 to 27%. The variability in prevalence may be influenced by factors such as obesity, age, and the presence of other comorbidities.1
- The risk of sleep apnea increases with gestational age, particularly in the third trimester.
It’s important to note that there is a lack of consensus on screening and diagnostic procedures for OSA in pregnant women.
What are the Risks of Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy?
Untreated sleep apnea during pregnancy can lead to:
- Preeclampsia: A potentially life-threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the kidneys and liver (more on this below).
- Gestational Diabetes: Sleep apnea can increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes.
- Preterm Labor: Sleep apnea can increase the risk of preterm labor and delivery.
- Fetal Growth Restriction: Sleep apnea can reduce blood flow to the placenta, potentially affecting fetal growth.
- Maternal Complications: Sleep apnea can increase the risk of maternal complications, such as heart problems and stroke.
What Is the Connection Between Sleep Apnea and Preeclampsia?
Research suggests that sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing preeclampsia. In fact, a study found that:2
- Women with sleep apnea were more likely to develop preeclampsia than those without sleep apnea.
- The severity of sleep apnea was directly related to the severity of preeclampsia.
How Is Sleep Apnea Diagnosed and Treated During Pregnancy?
Diagnosis typically involves a sleep study, which can be done at home or in a sleep laboratory. Treatment options include:
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Therapy: A machine that delivers air pressure through a mask to keep the airway open.
- Oral Appliances: Devices that advance the lower jaw to keep the airway open.
- Lifestyle Changes: Weight loss, exercise, and smoking cessation can help alleviate sleep apnea symptoms.
What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Sleep Apnea During Pregnancy?
To reduce your risk of sleep apnea during pregnancy:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Excess weight can increase the risk of sleep apnea.
- Exercise Regularly: Regular exercise can help reduce sleep apnea symptoms.
- Avoid Smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of sleep apnea and other pregnancy complications.
- Get Enough Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night to reduce fatigue and promote overall health.
Sleep apnea is a common and treatable condition that can have significant consequences during pregnancy. If you're pregnant and experiencing symptoms of sleep apnea, don't hesitate to speak with your healthcare provider. At ARC Network, we're committed to providing you with the resources and support you need to manage sleep apnea and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Sources:
1 Tantrakul, Visasiri, et al. “Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in High Risk Pregnancy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.” Respiratory Research, vol. 24, no. 1, Springer Science+Business Media, June 2023, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-023-02445-y.
2 Maniaci, Antonino, et al. “Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Maternal and Fetal Implications.” Neurology International, vol. 16, no. 3, PAGEPress (Italy), May 2024, pp. 522–32, https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16030039.